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CCG-21 Clase Gral. Belgrano - El Futuro de la ARA
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<blockquote data-quote="Cardenal" data-source="post: 252782" data-attributes="member: 3897"><p><strong>Type 82</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p></p><p><strong>History</strong></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>The CVA-01 aircraft carrier project was cancelled in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Strategic_Defence_Review">1966 Strategic Defence Review</a>, eliminating the requirement for the Type 82 class. Nevertheless, one hull of the original four was ordered on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_October">4th October</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966">1966</a> for use as a testbed for new technologies. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bristol_%28D23%29">HMS <em>Bristol</em></a> was laid down in 1967, featuring four new systems;</p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Dart">Sea Dart</a> missile that would later be fitted in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_42">Type 42</a> destroyers and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_class_aircraft_carrier"><em>Invincible</em> class carriers</a>.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikara_%28missile%29">Ikara</a> anti-submarine weapon, later fitted to some <em>Leander</em> class frigate.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">A new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.5_inch_%28114_mm%29_Mark_8_naval_gun">4.5 inch (114 mm) Mk 8</a> main gun.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">The advanced ADAWS-2 (Action Data Automation Weapons System Mk.2), a computer system designed to coordinate the ship's weapons and sensors.</li> </ul><p>The latter feature, although not externally apparent, was perhaps the most pioneering of the design; a leap forward from the rudimentary action information system of the <em>Counties</em> and its heavy reliance on manual data input.</p><p>The Type 82 was followed into service by the smaller <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_42_destroyer">Type 42 destroyer</a> that featured the same Sea Dart missile, 114 mm Mark 8 gun and integrated ADAWS. It was not a direct replacement for the Type 82 <em>per se</em>, but filled a similar role, fleet area air defence, in a changed navy. The Type 42 design was however smaller and had a lower manpower requirement and as such many more hulls could be brought into service than a design of the Type 82's size. It also featured a flightdeck and hangar for its own air component providing improved anti-submarine, surface-strike and general utility to the design.</p><p></p><p><strong>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>] Design</strong></p><p></p><p>The Type 82 was loosely based on the layout first generation <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_class_destroyer"><em>County</em> class destroyer</a> and the Type 12 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_class_frigate"><em>Leander</em> class frigate</a> (hence the inclusion in the escort <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system_of_the_Royal_Navy">Type numbering system</a>.)</p><p>The vessel was powered by a combined steam and gas (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSAG">COSAG</a>) plant, and was the last warship designed for the Royal Navy to be powered by steam. The steam plant vented through the large fore funnel while the gas plant exhausted though a side-by-side pair of after funnels (on either side of the extensive air intakes and filters for the gas turbines), giving rise to a unique three funnelled layout.</p><p></p><p><strong>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>] Weapon Systems</strong></p><p></p><p>The new Sea Dart missile was fired from a twin-arm launcher on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterdeck">quarterdeck</a> and there was a pair of radar Type 909 target illumination sets, an improvement over the single radar Type 901 set of the <em>County</em> design.</p><p>The single Mark 8 114 mm gun was not intended as an anti-aircraft weapon, and as such had an elevation of only 55°. The weapon was designed specifically for reliability over rate of fire, allowing only a single mounting to be shipped, and the comparatively low rate of fire of 25 rounds per minute was more than suitable for the intended anti-ship and shore-bombardment roles.</p><p>The third weapon system was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australian</a> Ikara anti-submarine weapon; a rocket powered glider capable of carrying a small homing torpedo out to 10 miles from the ship. The Ikara was backed up by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_%28weapon%29">Mark 10 <em>Limbo</em></a> anti-submarine mortar. Although capable of landing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Wasp">Westland Wasp</a> helicopter on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterdeck">quarterdeck</a> the ship lacked a hangar and aviation facilities and thus had to rely on external air support.</p><p></p><p><strong>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit&section=4">edit</a>] Electronics</strong></p><p></p><p>The original design called for a long range 3-D air search radar to be fitted, and early drawings and artist's impression show a large dome on the bridge to carry this set. A similar set was to be fitted to the CVA-01 design. However, the projected Anglo-Dutch system never materialised, and instead she was fitted with the venerable radar Type 965 air search radar, with a "twin bedstead" AKE-2 antennae, on a stump foremast. Radar Type 992Q low-angle search was carried on the tall, slender mainmast and as such the electronics fit had not advanced significantly from the <em>County</em> class. Type 909 sets were shipped fore and aft for Sea Dart fire control, allowing two targets to be engaged at any one time.</p><p>The main advance in the design was with how the sensor data was processed and displayed. The ADAWS-2 system, based on two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti">Ferranti</a> FM1600 computers, integrated the identification, tracking and engagement of targets into a single system. ADAWS-2 could accept input from any of the ship’s radars or sonars, identify targets and produce continuous track histories. Using this information it could evaluate threat levels and control the engagement of targets using the relevant weapons systems. The whole process occurred almost automatically, requiring only oversight and command from the human operator. This new generation of warship would be commanded from an operations room within the ship rather than the traditional location of the bridge.</p><p></p><p><strong>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>] Specifications</strong></p><p></p><p></p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Electronics:<ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">ADAWS-2 combat direction system</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">1 x radar Type 965 2D air warning, later;</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">1 x radar Type 1022 2D air search</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">1 x radar Type 992Q low-angle target indication</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">2 x radar Type 909 Sea Dart target illumination</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">1 x radar Type 978 (later 1006) navigation</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">1 x sonar Type 170 search</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">1 x sonar Type 184 target indication</li> </ul> </li> </ul><p></p><p><strong>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit&section=6">edit</a>] Shortcomings</strong></p><p></p><p>Despite introducing various new systems, the role for which <em>Bristol</em> was designed never materialised. She faced the problem of entering a navy that had no operational role or requirement for her and that was faced with rapidly changing priorities. This single, large ship was manpower and maintenance intensive and was not fitted out to the standard required for front line deployment.</p><p>The major shortcomings in the design were twofold; the lack of an air component and the lack of a long-range anti ship weapon. Within a few years these features would be standard on ships of this size and type and as such the Type 82 was somewhat lacking. These deficiencies limited her to squadron (rather than individual patrol) duties, and <em>Bristol</em> is usually seen as something of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant">white elephant</a>.</p><p></p><p></p><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_82_destroyer">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_82_destroyer</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Cardenal, post: 252782, member: 3897"] [B]Type 82 [/B] [B]History[/B] The CVA-01 aircraft carrier project was cancelled in the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Strategic_Defence_Review"]1966 Strategic Defence Review[/URL], eliminating the requirement for the Type 82 class. Nevertheless, one hull of the original four was ordered on [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_October"]4th October[/URL] [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966"]1966[/URL] for use as a testbed for new technologies. [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bristol_%28D23%29"]HMS [I]Bristol[/I][/URL] was laid down in 1967, featuring four new systems; [LIST] [*]The [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Dart"]Sea Dart[/URL] missile that would later be fitted in the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_42"]Type 42[/URL] destroyers and [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_class_aircraft_carrier"][I]Invincible[/I] class carriers[/URL]. [*]The [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikara_%28missile%29"]Ikara[/URL] anti-submarine weapon, later fitted to some [I]Leander[/I] class frigate. [*]A new [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.5_inch_%28114_mm%29_Mark_8_naval_gun"]4.5 inch (114 mm) Mk 8[/URL] main gun. [*]The advanced ADAWS-2 (Action Data Automation Weapons System Mk.2), a computer system designed to coordinate the ship's weapons and sensors. [/LIST] The latter feature, although not externally apparent, was perhaps the most pioneering of the design; a leap forward from the rudimentary action information system of the [I]Counties[/I] and its heavy reliance on manual data input. The Type 82 was followed into service by the smaller [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_42_destroyer"]Type 42 destroyer[/URL] that featured the same Sea Dart missile, 114 mm Mark 8 gun and integrated ADAWS. It was not a direct replacement for the Type 82 [I]per se[/I], but filled a similar role, fleet area air defence, in a changed navy. The Type 42 design was however smaller and had a lower manpower requirement and as such many more hulls could be brought into service than a design of the Type 82's size. It also featured a flightdeck and hangar for its own air component providing improved anti-submarine, surface-strike and general utility to the design. [B][[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit§ion=2"]edit[/URL]] Design[/B] The Type 82 was loosely based on the layout first generation [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_class_destroyer"][I]County[/I] class destroyer[/URL] and the Type 12 [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_class_frigate"][I]Leander[/I] class frigate[/URL] (hence the inclusion in the escort [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_system_of_the_Royal_Navy"]Type numbering system[/URL].) The vessel was powered by a combined steam and gas ([URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSAG"]COSAG[/URL]) plant, and was the last warship designed for the Royal Navy to be powered by steam. The steam plant vented through the large fore funnel while the gas plant exhausted though a side-by-side pair of after funnels (on either side of the extensive air intakes and filters for the gas turbines), giving rise to a unique three funnelled layout. [B][[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit§ion=3"]edit[/URL]] Weapon Systems[/B] The new Sea Dart missile was fired from a twin-arm launcher on the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterdeck"]quarterdeck[/URL] and there was a pair of radar Type 909 target illumination sets, an improvement over the single radar Type 901 set of the [I]County[/I] design. The single Mark 8 114 mm gun was not intended as an anti-aircraft weapon, and as such had an elevation of only 55°. The weapon was designed specifically for reliability over rate of fire, allowing only a single mounting to be shipped, and the comparatively low rate of fire of 25 rounds per minute was more than suitable for the intended anti-ship and shore-bombardment roles. The third weapon system was the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"]Australian[/URL] Ikara anti-submarine weapon; a rocket powered glider capable of carrying a small homing torpedo out to 10 miles from the ship. The Ikara was backed up by a [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_%28weapon%29"]Mark 10 [I]Limbo[/I][/URL] anti-submarine mortar. Although capable of landing a [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland_Wasp"]Westland Wasp[/URL] helicopter on the [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterdeck"]quarterdeck[/URL] the ship lacked a hangar and aviation facilities and thus had to rely on external air support. [B][[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit§ion=4"]edit[/URL]] Electronics[/B] The original design called for a long range 3-D air search radar to be fitted, and early drawings and artist's impression show a large dome on the bridge to carry this set. A similar set was to be fitted to the CVA-01 design. However, the projected Anglo-Dutch system never materialised, and instead she was fitted with the venerable radar Type 965 air search radar, with a "twin bedstead" AKE-2 antennae, on a stump foremast. Radar Type 992Q low-angle search was carried on the tall, slender mainmast and as such the electronics fit had not advanced significantly from the [I]County[/I] class. Type 909 sets were shipped fore and aft for Sea Dart fire control, allowing two targets to be engaged at any one time. The main advance in the design was with how the sensor data was processed and displayed. The ADAWS-2 system, based on two [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti"]Ferranti[/URL] FM1600 computers, integrated the identification, tracking and engagement of targets into a single system. ADAWS-2 could accept input from any of the ship’s radars or sonars, identify targets and produce continuous track histories. Using this information it could evaluate threat levels and control the engagement of targets using the relevant weapons systems. The whole process occurred almost automatically, requiring only oversight and command from the human operator. This new generation of warship would be commanded from an operations room within the ship rather than the traditional location of the bridge. [B][[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit§ion=5"]edit[/URL]] Specifications[/B] [LIST] [*]Electronics: [LIST] [*]ADAWS-2 combat direction system [*]1 x radar Type 965 2D air warning, later; [*]1 x radar Type 1022 2D air search [*]1 x radar Type 992Q low-angle target indication [*]2 x radar Type 909 Sea Dart target illumination [*]1 x radar Type 978 (later 1006) navigation [*]1 x sonar Type 170 search [*]1 x sonar Type 184 target indication [/LIST] [/LIST] [B][[URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_82_destroyer&action=edit§ion=6"]edit[/URL]] Shortcomings[/B] Despite introducing various new systems, the role for which [I]Bristol[/I] was designed never materialised. She faced the problem of entering a navy that had no operational role or requirement for her and that was faced with rapidly changing priorities. This single, large ship was manpower and maintenance intensive and was not fitted out to the standard required for front line deployment. The major shortcomings in the design were twofold; the lack of an air component and the lack of a long-range anti ship weapon. Within a few years these features would be standard on ships of this size and type and as such the Type 82 was somewhat lacking. These deficiencies limited her to squadron (rather than individual patrol) duties, and [I]Bristol[/I] is usually seen as something of a [URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_elephant"]white elephant[/URL]. [url]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_82_destroyer[/url] [/QUOTE]
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