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Mensaje: <blockquote data-quote="Derruido" data-source="post: 483110" data-attributes="member: 30">Interception.As a swing role aircraft the Rafale has been designed to excel in both the air to ground and air to air arena. For air combat or interception the pilot has 3 sensors ' radar, OSF, SPECTRA- the data fusion system taking into account the more precise system for a given criterion when identifying or locating a target. The OSF will be the preferred system for angular resolution, radar for ranging at long distances (OSF laser range finder at shorter distances) and SPECTRA for passive identification of threats (by comparison with a database). 'This data fusion capacity between the different sensors is certainly the most significative point of the Rafale weapon system, explains Philippe Rebourg, it is a revolution by comparison with planes the generation of M2000 or F16 whose pilots have to build an image of the tactical situation by analysing information provided by radar or threat warning system. With the Rafale the crews can obtain a clear view of the whole air battle with one look and take the advantage.'Every data recorded by different sensors are fused then presented on central display. The OSF image can be displayed on the same screen or a loupe can be activated to verify that a single plot is not a raid of many aircrafts flying in close formation. While in the RWS (range while scan) mode the RBE2 can track 40 targets of which 8 by a reinforced tracking mode for missile designation. The M88-2 engines can accelerate from idle to maximum reheat thrust in less than 3 seconds permitting Rafale to accelerate quickly. The digital FBW gives a very good agility and the very inclined position of the ejection seat allows pilot to resist higher load factors.Suddenly, as we exit a turn, the RBE2 acquires a contact at medium altitude, Philippe Rebourg initiate immediately an air intercept, accelerating. The target is automatically followed by the weapon system and the pilots validates the proposed option by pressing a button on the throttle. For evident reasons no radar or OSF performance will be disclosed here. We are outside MICA range and we must still close in but the OSF having locked the target at the beginning of the interception shows an image of a Transall despite a fine layer of clouds separating us from the target. The OSF TV way works in fact in the near visible infrared and her large field of view allows tracking of high boresight objectives. The pilot can choose between two firing domains : maximum range or no escape zone. Max range is materialized by a doted line and no escape by a steady line surrounding the target. In WVR combat a minimum shooting distance is materialized on the tactical display. As soon as we are in range the weapon system signals 'shoot' on the HUD, by cycling between the contacts the pilot can immediately engage the other targets, the second missile is automatically locked on the n+1 target. MICA can be fired every 2 seconds, the one from the airframe points are ejected up to 4G while wings pylons can release MICA up to 9G. The propulsed phase is very short (a few seconds) and the shooting is nearly undetectable, no smoke is produced by the rocket motor. For long range intercept, the missile follows an inertial trajectory toward coordinates continuously refreshed by the datalink then uses the seeker before hitting target. The time of flight of the missile is indicated on the HUD and +the datalink duration appears as a decreasing camembert plot.-------------------------------------- Precision attack.The simulated LGB attack using GBU-12 against the Faraman beacon at the south end of the Rhône delta will highlight this demonstration. Philippe Rebourg begins by a run at medium height ; first action : he has to acquire an offset point to update the nav system. The nav system knowing precisely the coordinates, the bearing and distance of the target from this offset point will compute precisely the weapon release point. At 20,000 ft and 15 NM from Port Saint Louis where a jetty will serve as the offset point, the OSF is locked on and the laser rangefinder is briefly activated and determine the distance. After being positioned the pilot authorizes the attack by pressing a trigger on the sidestick and the computer release 3 of the 4 GBU-12 simulated. 'With the GBU-12, the release domain is small. The pilot has to follow the crosshairs'.For a second attack, in a toss, we fly 20 NM away before coming back to the beacon. At 18,000 ft Philippe Rebourg roll inverted and dive at 23°. With a command on the throttle, he places the designation diamond on the triangle marking the target position calculated by the system. He uses the zoom function of the OSF to aim more precisely, as soon as the order is given on the HUD he pulls up at 5.5G following the guiding crosshairs, the last GBU-12 is released. The manoeuvre brings us at 10,000 ft out of range of short range missiles and AAA.-----------------------------------------------------------------Aerobatics.Thanks to her FBW the Rafale is extremely manoeuvrable. Depending on the configuration there are 2 flight domains : air-to-ground with heavy loads (5.5G max and 160°/s roll) or air combat (9G max and 280°/s roll rate) In emergency case the max load factor can reach 11G.During test flights for opening the flight envelope at very low speed the aircraft flew at an incidence of more than 100° and at negative speeds of '40 knots without loss of control.<'We consider that firing after a brutal nose-up like a Cobra are risked during combat because weapon separation problems can arise and pilot can be in a very dangerous situation if he fails to destroy his opponent(s). We prefer to use a very agile weapon, like the MICA and a helmet mounted sight' says Jean Camus, test pilot and ex-manager of the EPNER 5french test pilot school) and former M2000 test pilot.-------------------------------------- Air to ground radar and combat.We take the direction of Istres to acquire a low altitude radar map by using the DBS (Doppler beam sharpening) function of the RBE2. With this function, the pilot can approach an objective at low attitude, pop-up briefly to record the mapping then dive to cover and work on the memorised image.The DBS will be superseded by a SAR mode giving an even more detailed image.The controller signals a Mirage 2000N being about to cross our flight path from the left. By a single action on a button on the throttle, the pilot activates the combat mode and the 2000N is immediately locked by the RBE2 while working in the ground mapping mode. With the integration of an helmet mounted sighting unit on the F3 standard, this acquisition (although extremely rapid) will be even quicker for objectives situated outside the radar FOV and alleviating the need for agressive manoeuvres. The seeker of one of the Magics lock the target and Philippe Rebourg turns aggressively in order to fire. A few second later, all is finished and M2000 fate is decided.The feminine voice of the vocal system signals the Bingo, sadly, it's time to come home. First action : decrease speed. This is done by pulling back the throttle, braking and unlatch the autothrottle : this system adjust the lag of all aerodynamic surfaces and the thrust of the engines to follow a very precise slope.In the last turn Philippe Rebourg takes control and take carefully contact with the runway. While he maintains a nose-up attitude, he lights the afterburner on and pull firmly on the stick : we go vertical !<Short landing : at 120 knots the aerodynamic braking is not that efficient and Dassault test pilots advice to immediately put the main gear on the runway in order to brake quickly. The aircraft stops in less than 500m. former BAe AirOps director Chris Yeo (Flight International 1999).-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Thunder Notes.Some pretty intersting FACTS:Insentive on use of passive sensors >>>Navigation: 100 Fts at 450 KTs without the use of Radar maping terrain following modes or radio-altimeter: This is now a fully implemented F-2 standard feature, the aircraft can fly at max warload (i.e. carrying 1.5 its own weight in internal and external load, something no other fighters have achieved so far) at 450 Kts and a 100 Fts passively."This totally passive system allows flight at 300 feet, this altitude being only temporary, final objective is 100 feet."Air-to-Air engagements:Detection and lock-on targets at more than 50 Kms demonstrated through a fine layer of cloud". Note that OSF have seen some major improvements since 1999, date at which this article was writen and that there are further developements for a new generation OSF designed to be more weather-dependent, allowing for the detection and lock on target of stealth aircrafts at METEOR's range.MICA IR will be the main combat weapon of Rafale and all will posses a gun, the 30 mm DEFA 791B, but OSF will eventually allow for a totally passive detection and engagement of any targets at <> 120 Km range, using METEOR as a main BVR weapon. The SPECTRA suite is NOT a simple ECM (even new generation), in fact it acts like the Offensive and Defensive ECM suites of an E-6 Prowler, detects passively any radar emission at up to 200 km while giving its position with a precion of less than one* over an envelope of 360X360. This is part of the detection and targeting system fully integrated into Rafale's weapon suite which sensor fusion and integration is similar to that of F-22. So its detection and targeting capabilities are provided not by one or two but a multiple number of sensors working from near-visible IR to UV and Laser/EMIs emissions as well as TV imaging in both Air-to-Air and Air-to-Ground modes. All of which are linked to the pilot's displays and most are designed to provide with a full spectrum coverage of IR/UV/Laser/EMIs)."For evident reasons no radar or OSF performance will be disclosed here. We are outside MICA range and we must still close in but the OSF having locked the target at the beginning of the interception shows an image of a Transall despite a fine layer of clouds separating us from the target."Maneouvrability and arrangements main features: From Rafale A to the actual model, there has been some major evolutive design changes: Rafale A demonstrated a sustained speed of Mach 2 and controled minimum speed of 80 Kts (during M88 first flight, in particular, only the F-404 engine used its afterburner). Rafale C/D/Ms were designed to improve on these characteristics, Rafale C also supercruised during its first flight.Most significant changes: Repositioning of the main wing from shoulder mounted to mid-fuselage in order to improve transonic drag characterisitcs, adition of a small and steep LEX runing from the wing root to the air intake lips (Rafale A was a canted Delta design and did not have LEXs), increase in surface of the canard, nose slope increased by 6* to improve forward visibility at high AOA (a carrier operation rerquierement), used of more blinded wing-fuselage junction to improve transonic drag further with the benefits of a reduced RCS wich also gave it a far higfher fuel fraction than Typhoon in the process by increasing the internal volume significantly, serated skin on the main wing and control surfaces, canards, and diverse fuselage point to difuse radar emission and reduce RCS, this feature is similar to that in use on the F-117, anti-radiation treatment of heat difusers and use of anti-IR and ECM paints, materials experimented on Rafale C-01 (The black coloured one) now used on all serie Rafales. The fuselage between the engine exhaust is now quanted for reduction of RCS in the rear hemisphere, the M-88 features an IR reduction system with the main afterburner nozzle blown with cooler air and are recessed within a set of fixed nozzles, this feature reduces the IR signature well below what is possible with F-22 due to its TVC nozzles, the same can be said of F-35: IR signature of TVC systems are notoriously difficult to control and reduce. The difference of temperature betwwen M88-2 and EJ-200 exhaust nozzles is actually visible to the naked eye.<a href="http://img166.exs.cx/img166/5421/j200glow3dq.jpg">http://img166.exs.cx/img166/5421/j200glow3dq.jpg</a>Compare:<a href="http://img170.exs.cx/img170/5793/m882irvis8cy.jpg">http://img170.exs.cx/img170/5793/m882irvis8cy.jpg</a><a href="http://img71.exs.cx/img71/9215/RAFALEMC-01_01.jpg">http://img71.exs.cx/img71/9215/RAFALEMC-01_01.jpg</a>RCS for Typhoon is about 50% higher than Rafale, its IR signature is ALSO quite higher."During test flights for opening the flight envelope at very low speed the aircraft flew at an incidence of more than 100° and at negative speeds of '40 knots without loss of control."Rafale make use of difusion shockwaves to energise the boundary layers over (and under) the wing thanks to the careful positioning of its air-intake difusers, they allow for an energised airflow in the most important areas at high angle of attack and so that the aircraft stays fully controlable passed a 100* AOA without the use of TVC nozzles. This features also provide the rudder with a continuously renewed energic airflow, giving it spin-free characteristics. During the last Paris Air Show, its test pilot stated that a serie Rafale would pass an aileron roll at a 100 Kts in every configuration, meaning at max TOW if necessary. At this speed and weight, most of its concurents are already landed or loosing control authority, particularly the one without TVC nozzles."We consider that firing after a brutal nose-up like a Cobra are risked during combat because weapon separation problems can arise and pilot can be in a very dangerous situation if he fails to destroy his opponent(s)."Most air combat analysts would agree with this, the cobra manoeuver leaves the aircraft with a depleted speed, with little energy to spare and in a very small airspace, offering the best firing solution to any adversary, it is far more desirable to have the ability to change direction quicly at whatever speed and a over the shoulder shooting capability. Rafale have both by the bucket, thanks to its optimised aerodynamics and the developement of eye-cueing systems or HMDS, it also have the capability to fly in one direction while pointing its nose in another, all of this at full throtle if necessary. For example, it can increase its AOA while following the same trajectory (following its velocity vector at different AOA): useful to put the gun piper on the target while keeping on its vector line...<a href="http://img63.exs.cx/img63/7735/RAFALEA_01.jpg">http://img63.exs.cx/img63/7735/RAFALEA_01.jpg</a>Rafale A<a href="http://img72.exs.cx/img72/3915/rafaleM02.jpg">http://img72.exs.cx/img72/3915/rafaleM02.jpg</a> Rafale M<a href="http://img213.exs.cx/img213/7651/raf...tmarine6cq.png">http://img213.exs.cx/img213/7651/raf...tmarine6cq.png</a>From netmarine.netThe most accurate figures i have came across so far. Reason, these guys are nearly all Marine Nationale. Conclusion, at <> 600 kg less than the M, the Rafale C weights on at just above 9000kg. Typhoon is 11150 kg since it had to have its airframe beefed up for dual role. Aerodynamics:Advantage Rafale. TWR; Advantage Rafale, Wing load, Advantage Rafale. Fuel fraction; Advantage Rafale. Max payload; Advantage Rafale, RCS Advantage Rafale, IR signature; Advantage Rafale, should i add more? So if you desagree you're more tha nwelcome to elaborate further.<a href="http://img74.exs.cx/img74/3441/Intak...rrangement.jpg">http://img74.exs.cx/img74/3441/Intak...rrangement.jpg</a>Above: The point where Dassault designers made use of the compressive and expansion Shockvawe phenomenon to provide the airframe with an amount of energised airflow Typhoon can only dream of, not to mention the close coupled canards situated where they sould be. B and E are expansion shockvawes accelerating the airflow. Point C, the LEX root, provides the aircraft with a much higher Mach ligne than Typhoon, which wing is straight at a sweep angle of <> 53* and doesn't posses LEXs. These determine the speed at which the compression phenonenon are going to occur, the sweeper at the wing at the wing fuselage junction, the higher in mach speed the compressibility effect will be felt: At <> 70* this is advantage to Rafale too, with the added bonus of reatining a 48* main wing sweep for greated manoeuvrability at higher AOA and lower speed. Therefore, Rafale have a far better transonic characteristic by design, its more blended wing/fuselage junction goes also in this sense. In a few words, Rafale aerodynamics are a full generation ahead of that of Typhoon.<a href="http://img16.exs.cx/img16/8309/Board.jpg">http://img16.exs.cx/img16/8309/Board.jpg</a>Payload, Rafale can carry 1.5 its own weight. Enuff said." We prefer to use a very agile weapon, like the MICA and a helmet mounted sight' says Jean Camus, test pilot and ex-manager of the EPNER french test pilot school) and former M2000 test pilot."As for the argument MICAvsAMRAAM<, it is now irrelevenat since both are going to use METEOR for BVR. Sorr yfolks, i got to bug out. Over and out. Enjoy.<a href="http://img151.exs.cx/img151/8180/thales0044qd.jpg">http://img151.exs.cx/img151/8180/thales0044qd.jpg</a>If you guys wants more elaboreate work on both aircrafts, i can give you some, but from where i'm standing, Typhoon is quiet underdeveloped from the design stage. Too bad it cannot be re-designed now.</blockquote>

Verificación: Libertador de Argentina