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Mensaje: <blockquote data-quote="Teseo" data-source="post: 63401" data-attributes="member: 33"><img src="http://edefenseonline.com/article_images/03_31_2006_IF_01_main.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />Despite being accepted into service, the S-300PT and S-300PS, the launcher for the latter of which is seen here, did not meet the requirement for a 140-km range. Therefore, in January 1983 Soviet authorities mandated that a new upgraded system called the S-300PM would be developed. AlmazThe S-300P project was to be based earlier MKB "Strela" concept program. It was decided that the core of the system would consist of a dozen launchers that would carry single-stage solid-fuel missiles, a target-tracking and -illumination radar, and a command post. The radar was to be based on solid-state electronics of modular design. The command post was to automatically control the radar and would be equipped with a digital computer. All of the system's electronics were to be digital and solid state. It is worth mentioning that the S-300F's core remained very similar, with the use of the same missile in a "navalized" form (5V55RM and later 48N6M – "M" for morskiy, or naval) and a similar radar with a slightly different, stabilized antenna adapted for naval operations; some different radar electronics; and much different software. As it might be expected, the Army version developed by NIEMI was based on the earlier S-500U conceptual model, and although called the S-300V, it did not develop into simply another version of S-300 family. The S-300V became a very complicated and cumbersome system, with a few different types of complex radars, two types of missiles, and four types of launchers, all placed on tracked, lightly armored vehicles. The Army shot an "own goal" in setting such a wide range of challenging requirements. The resulting S-300V met all of these requirements as a system of impressive cost and complexity. During the development of the S-300P, it was assumed that the system would be fully automated, from the collection of information about a target to engagement. The system was divided into the fire unit: the fire-control radar, the battery command post, a dozen launchers and auxiliary equipment; and the command-and-control unit with an interface to the regiment's automated command-and-control system (the 5S99M Senezh). Rounding out the system were an acquisition radar (later it got two acquisition radars), and a battalion command post that controlled up to six fire batteries. Given that a battalion of S-300P would be able to engage up to 36 targets a time, this represented a rather dramatic increase in capabilities over previous systems such as the S-75 and S-125, which had only a single fire battery in a battalion with the ability to engage just one target at a time. The digital computer for the S-300P, called 5E26, was developed by the Moscow Institute for Precise Mechanics and Computing Technologies. The biggest problem in its development was a lack of software specialists, but MKB Strela solved the problem by undertaking cooperation with the Moscow Physical and Mathematical Institute (MFTI), drafting the best graduates and even students for the effort. Such specialists were relatively rare in the early 1970s. From the very beginning, it was assumed that the whole system would be mobile. But the main designer of the Minsk Automobile Factory (MAZ) in Belarus said that the chassis based on the MAZ-543 would not be ready under the timetable specified for initial system production. Therefore, it was decided that the system would be built in two basic versions: S-300PT ("T" for transportiruyemiy, or transportable) and S-300PS ("S" for samokhodniy, or self-propelled). <img src="http://edefenseonline.com/article_images/03_31_2006_IF_01_towed.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />Even though the original requirements for the S-300PT called for a fully mobile system, a towed version of the system (seen here) was rushed into state trials in December 1977. RosovoruzhenyeThe first missiles were produced by the MKB "Fakel" prototype factory in Moscow. Flight tests began in March 1970. The missile had weight of 1,480 kg, a length of 7.25 m, and a body diameter of 0.508 m. The tail surfaces span was 1.124 m. The weight of the high-explosive fragmentation warhead was 133 kg, of which about 40% was the weight of the explosive itself. The missile's engine worked for 8-10 seconds, imparting a missile speed of up to 1900 m/sec. The range for target engagement was from 3 km (minimum) to 47 km (maximum). The engagement altitude was between 25 m to 25,000 m. The maximum speed of the engaged target was 1,200 m/sec. The next missile introduced to service was the semi-active radar-guided version with track-via-missile as the primary mode. The missile was called the V-500R in the design bureau and 5V55R in production factories and in military service. It had the same external dimensions as the original, but its weight was increased to 1,665 kg. The range was increased to 75 km, due to the better guidance system. The missile was capable of engaging targets out to a range of 90 km, but this capability was not attained until the arrival of the S-300PM version, when improved missile-guidance algorithms for making use of energy during climbs and dives became available. The maximum engagement altitude was increased to 27,000 m. Simultaneously, a 5V55KD version with upgraded guidance was introduced that had similar performance to the 5V55R. The S-300P's 5N63S (Flap Lid A) fire-control radar was developed by MKB "Strela" and consists of the F20 chassis based on the MAZ-543M vehicle, the F1S module behind the truck's cabin that houses the 30N6 fire-control radar set with its phased array antenna, the F2K module with its 5E26 computer, communication equipment, the operators stations, and a 5S17 gas-turbine electrical power unit. The radar had a range of 250 km and could observe a 60º sector with the antenna fixed. The antenna could be quickly turned to change the observation sector towards any direction. The radar works in the X band, and its initial production version had 16,000 phased-array elements. The early radar can be recognized by the more square shape of the antenna, which is wider than the later 30N6-1 version associated with the S-300PM. It could be easily recognized by the hydraulic telescopic servo-motors that are attached to the bottom part of the antenna. In the S-300PM (Flap Lid B) version, the servo-motors are attached to the sides of the antenna, which has a more rounded shape. The radar has that capability of electronic beam shaping and can engage up to six targets at time with up to 12 missiles (two per target). The 5N63S and later 30N6-1 sets were produced by AOOT Moskovskiy Radiotekhnicheskiy Zavod (Moscow Radio-Technical Factory). The 5N63S radar and battery command post with six launchers (two main and four auxiliary) formed a S-300PT battery, together with a crane and three 5T99 missile-transport vehicles. Technically, it was possible to associate as many as six main and six auxiliary launchers with a given fire-control radar, but this possibility was never pursued in front-line units. Three such batteries formed a battalion. Again, technically it was possible to attach six batteries to a battalion's command system, but this possibility also was not pursued in Soviet and Russian front-line units. The battalion command post was formed around the 83M6 command-and-control (C2) system, which consisted of the 54K6 C2 post and the 64N6 observation and target-acquisition radar. The latter was not developed on time, and early S-300PT and S-300PS systems were issued with the "off-the-shelf" ST-68M (19Zh6; NATO: Tin Shield) radar. The radar was renamed 36D6 for the S-300PT/PS system. It works in the S band and has 3D capability. It uses electronic scan in elevation and mechanical scan in azimuth. The detection range for a fighter-sized target is 147-175 km between 2,000 and 18,000 m, 80 km for the targets around 1,000 m, and 38-42 km against targets flying at 100 m. The radar could track up to 100 targets at a time. The ST-68M and 36D6 were accepted to service in 1981, together with the first S-300PT fielded. It was developed and produced by Zaporozhskiy Kazenniy Electromashinostroitelniy Zavod "Iskra" from Zaporozhe, in Ukraine.The other radar usually attached to the battalion's command post was initially the 5N66M (NATO: Clam Shell) radar for the detection of low-flying targets. It was developed by KB "Lira" from Lianozovo (a part of NPO Uties from Moscow). The system was later produced by Lianozovo Electro-Mechanical Plant (LEMZ) in Lianozovo. This radar had a vertical parabolic antenna, similar to the antennas of altitude-finder radars. The range of the radar was 300 km, and it had ability to detect targets flying at 100 m at a distance of 48 km. The antenna was placed on a special 24.4-m 40V6 mast.<img src="http://edefenseonline.com/article_images/03_31_2006_IF_01_30N6E.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />A 30N6 fire-control radar of the 5N63S battery command post. The phased-array radar illuminates the target for the S-300P engagement, with the missile typically operating in track-via-missile mode. This installation is from a Slovak S-300PMU export version. Photo by Miroslav GyurosiThe 54K6 command system is a fully automated system, with the ability to track up to 100 targets in the vicinity of 500 km. The system controls the associated radars (initially, the 36D6 and 5N66M) and has interfaces to the Senezh (or Senezh-M) SAM brigade/regiment command system. The target tracks are a combination of the plots of targets detected by the battalion's organic radars and plots of targets tracked by the Senezh system, which are passed to 54K6 in real time. The latter system merges data from all sources into a single air-situation picture and sends information about targets tracked by the battalion's radar to the Senezh. Interestingly, the tracking data can be originated by passive detection systems and then fed through an automated C2 system to the 54K6 and further down to the S-300P batteries. In later systems (S-300PM/S-300PMU-1/2/S-400), it is possible to launch a missile against a target tracked by passive systems with all the battalion's radars silent, just turning on the 30N6-1 radar for the final part of the engagement, a few seconds before a hit. Such a test with the use of Kolchuga-M stations (it is not known, however, whether it was Ukrainian Kolchuga-M or the much less known Russian Kolchuga-M) was conducted at the Sary-Shagan shooting range in September 2003. By December 1972, the first elements of the future system started to arrive at Sary-Shagan. At once, the radio-command V-500K (5V55K) and semi-active radar-guided V-500R (5V55R) missiles started their static tests, followed by controlled and guided launches. The V-500K was intended as back-up in the case something went wrong with the V-500R. The decision proved to be smart, since a lot did go wrong with the latter's novel guidance system. There were a lot of difficulties with the track-via-missile mode, especially at low altitudes. Trials of the separate elements were completed in late 1975, and the time came for comprehensive tests of the complete system. Such tests ran through 1977. During the factory tests, more than 1,200 engagement processes were conducted, including more than 200 at extremely low altitudes. During comprehensive tests of the whole system, eight engagements were conducted against group targets consisting of 8-16 drone aircraft. There were also two mass raids of 32 drone targets. During 70 of the tests, active jamming was applied. However, in late 1977, the S-300PT was still not fully ready. Above all, the systems used the "interim" missile instead of the semi-active radar-guided version and the required engagement range of 140 km had not been reached. The 140-km range was set because it was believed that the longest range of US and NATO anti-radar weapons did not exceed 100-120 km. Also, the system was still towed, while the original requirements called for mobile system. But despite all of those shortfalls, it was decided that the S-300PT system would be assessed during state trials, and if the results were satisfactory, the system would be accepted into service, pending the ultimate version built to specifications. State trials of the S-300PT started in late December 1977 and were completed on March 31, 1979. Usually, state trials in the Soviet Union ran from four to six months, but the S-300PT trials lasted for more than one year, thus indicating that the initial results were not fully satisfactory. In October 1978, two battalions of S-300PTs were conducting live tests against a group target of 68 drones. This test was successful, demonstrating that the system was able to engage multiple targets at a time, and most of the drones were shot down, so the raid was considered to be "repulsed." After analyzing test results, the decision was made to accept the S-300PT into service. The S-300PT was officially commissioned into Soviet service on April 23, 1979, and the first battalion achieved operational capability on Feb. 23, 1981, in the area of Severodvinsk. While the S-300PT was subsequently deployed in various locations in industrial areas of the Soviet Union, though, Moscow would not receive its first systems until 1985. The system was sometimes called the S-300PT Biriusa, but this name was not really used in the armed forces. PVO-Strany more often used the unofficial name Volkhov M6, which referred to the deployment of the S-300PT, in which a battalion of three S-300PT batteries usually also controlled three more batteries of adequately modernized S-75M3 Volkhov M3 and S-125M Neva systems. Thus, the capability of controlling six fire batteries was maintained, although every S-300PT battery could engage six targets at a time, and every S-75M and S-125M battery could engage just a single target at a time. The Volkhov M6 nickname was relatively short lived, and for years the system was simply referred as the S-300P or in more specific way: S-300PT, S-300PS, S-300PM, and so forth. <img src="http://edefenseonline.com/article_images/03_31_2006_IF_01_auxil.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />An auxiliary launcher of the S-300PMU system, the export version of the S-300P. A given S-300P battery consists of a dozen launchers carrying single-stage, solid-fuel missiles; a target-tracking and -illumination radar; and a command post. RosovoruzhenyeAfter extensive factory tests, state trials of the 5V55R missile began in 1980. The tests were successful, and early in 1981 the missile was accepted into service, which increased the engagement range of the system from 47 to 75 km. Production of 5V55R missiles started in 1982, and the first examples entered service in 1983. Production of 5V55K missiles was probably terminated in 1984, but they were used until very recently, and some may still be deployed. Missiles of all types were sealed in their launch containers in the factory and had a guaranteed shelf life of 10 years. After 10 years, the missile had to be overhauled by industry and resealed for the next 10 years. Missile life was rated at 20 years, but this could probably be extended to 30. Initially, the missiles were fired by "hot" launch, with the missile's engine ignited in the container. However, this proved to be unworkable due to the danger to the equipment caused by the hot gases. Starting in 1981, a "cold" launch mode was used, with each container possessing its own ejector charge. At an altitude of around 20 m, the missile's rocket engine is ignited, and the missile starts its flight. Factory tests of the S-300PS self-propelled version with 5P58S (main) and 5P58SD (auxiliary) launchers mounted on MAZ-543M vehicles were conducted from December 1980 through November 1981. After some improvements, the system was submitted for state trials. The state trials were treated as supplementary and only lasted for about three weeks. During the trials, 47 simulated engagements were conducted, with 16 missiles actually launched against drone targets. The self-propelled version was officially accepted into service in 1983, but full-rate production did not start until late 1984. The system started to reach front-line units in 1985, and S-300PS production continued until the early '90s.Between 1985-1987, Moscow air-defense units in the external ring that had received the S-300P got the S-300PT version, probably transferred from other units that had been issued the S-300PS. It was expected that Moscow air-defense units would operate from prepared positions in a less mobile mode than in some units closer to the Soviet Union's borders. Moscow's internal ring units were equipped with S-300PS systems from the outset. [size=10pt]Modernized S-300PM[/size]Despite being accepted into service, the S-300PT and PS did not meet the main requirement for a 140-km range. Therefore, in January 1983 Soviet authorities mandated that a new upgraded system called the S-300PM would be developed. Work started immediately, and soon the new upgraded 30N61 radar was developed. It had range of 300 km and could work in a several modes: sector observation of 64º horizontally and 14º vertically (range: 160-240 km) as its primary mode, sector observation of 64x5º for long-range search (maximum range: 300 km), and 90º in azimuth and 1º in elevation for low-level search (range of around 80-130 km below 1,000 m of target altitude). The 30N6-1 radar received a new, narrower, rounder antenna (recognizable by a side attachment of hydraulic servo-mechanisms for antenna deployment and folding). The radar received the new 40U6 digital computer developed by the Moscow Institute for Precise Mechanics and Computing Technologies. The new digital computer enabled introduction of new powerful software, which greatly increased the jamming resistance of the system. The modernized S-300PM system also received the 64N6 (NATO: Big Bird) observation radar and 5N66M (NATO: Clam Shell) low-level observation radar (known better under its export designation of 76N6) and the new 48N6 missile. The 64N6 observation radar was intended for the S-300P from very beginning, but its prolonged development time forced the use of the 36D6 as temporary solution. The 76N6 was a further developed version of the 5N66M used in earlier systems. The 64N6 radar was developed by Novosibirskiy NII Izmeritelnikh Priborov (Novosibirsk Research and Development Institute of Measurement Instruments) in Novosibirsk, which is presently also a part of "Almaz" consortium. Production of the radar got underway at Novosibirskiy Zavod Imieni Kominterna (Novosibirsk Factory of Komintern) around 1985. The radar has large double-sided phased-array antenna and can work in 360º observation mode (with revolutions) or in sector mode, observing a 75º sector. In elevation, the observation sector is 13.4º in detection mode and 55º when the target is tracked. The radar's range is 260 km against fighter-sized targets at medium altitude. The radar can track up to 200 targets at a time, with an accuracy of 30º in azimuth, 35º in elevation, and 200 m in distance. In the closer zone of observation (out to 64 km), the radar is protected against jamming by frequent power-output adjustment. At greater ranges, it uses a special algorithm that stabilizes false signal levels. In addition, the radar employs frequency hopping and electronic beam shaping. It has been assessed that its jamming resistance is relatively high.The 5N66M radar, developed by KB "Lira" in Lianozovohas, has an antenna similar to its 5N66 predecessor. This is one of the most mysterious radars in the S-300P system, and not many of its technical parameters are known. The radar has a range of 300 km, and the antenna rotates very quickly – 20 revolutions per minute. The antenna is usually placed on the improved 39-m 40V6M mast, but doing so takes two hours. The key for achieving the 150-km range was to develop a new missile with better energy characteristics, and such a missile – the 48N6 – was developed by MKB Fakel. The 48N6 missile is slightly bigger to accommodate a larger rocket engine. The missile's length was increased to 7.5 m and the diameter to 519 mm. The missile's weight was increased to 1,850 kg, including a 143-kg warhead (slightly heavier than in previous missiles). The 48N6 missile's rocket engine burns for about 12 sec., which enables the missile to reach a maximum speed of 2,000 m/sec. The missile has a track-via-missile guidance mode and can maneuver at up to 20 Gs. The maximum range of the missile was increased to 150 km, and the minimum engagement altitude was lowered from 25 m to just 10 m. The maximum engagement altitude is probably around 30,000 m. The first elements of the S-300PM system entered tests at the shooting range in 1984. Factory trials ended in mid-1987, and the system was submitted to state trials, which were conducted in 1988. The S-300PM system accepted into service in the autumn of that year. Currently, Russia has 37 air-defense missile regiments armed with the S-300PT/PS/PM. Since late 2005, one of them was reportedly re-armed with the S-400 system (one of the S-300PTs deployed in Moscow area), but this advanced type still has not officially achieved operational capability. The number of regiments in Russia was confirmed by commander of the Russian Air Force, Gen. Vladimir Mikhailov. He stated in 2005 that Russia had 35 SAM regiments, all armed with S-300P systems. However, he was talking only about Russian Air Force S-300P systems, since two units were passed to the Navy, due to their specific locations: the 183rd Independent Air Defense Missile Brigade in Gvardyeisk (Kaliningrad region) belongs to Baltic Fleet, and the 1096th Air Defense Missile Regiment, deployed in Sevastopol and tasked to protect the base of Russian Black Sea Fleet, has been passed to the Navy. Among the remaining 35 regiments, no less than 18 are deployed within the area of responsibility of 16th Air Force, near Moscow.</blockquote>

Verificación: Libertador de Argentina