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Mensaje: <blockquote data-quote="MAC1966" data-source="post: 42698" data-attributes="member: 49"> "THE INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF EUROFIGHTER TYPHOON"Chapter 3.EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS10. Typhoon supports large numbers of highly-skilled, highly-paid and high value-added jobs throughout the four partner nations. There are jobs in development, production and support, involving airframes, engines, equipment and a range of support activities (e.g. simulators for aircrew training). The Typhoon jobs are in the major prime contractors for the airframe and engine and in their associated supply chains. In some partner nations (e.g. Spain), Typhoon has contributed to creating a highly-skilled labour force. Broadly, the costs of Typhoon production are allocated: 40% for the airframe; 40% for the equipment; and 20% for the engine. Support costs for Typhoon might be a further 50% of production costs. The total costs of Typhoon are estimated (2004 prices):i) Development = Euros 18 billionii) Production (620 aircraft) = Euros 36 billioniii) Support = Euros 15-18 billion...12. Total employment on Typhoon is estimated by Eurofighter at some 100,000 to 105,000 personnel employed directly and indirectly in over 400 companies throughout Europe. This figure applies to each of the development and production phases (i.e. 100,000 on development and 100,000 on production). In 2006, these jobs were distributed:i) Germany: 20,000 personnelii) Italy: 20,000 personneliii) Spain: 25,000 personneliv) UK: 40, 000 personnel. The UK total includes over 5,000 jobs in BAE Systems allocated as follows: over 1500 jobs at Samlesbury in high technology manufacture; over 1300 jobs at Warton in leading edge design and systems engineering activities; and over 1000 jobs at Edinburgh and Stanmore in high technology design and sensor manufacture (Boardman, 2004).15. There is an alternative method to provide a check on the reliability of the Typhoon employment estimates. This involves taking the UK figures for the estimated cost to the UK of the Typhoon Programme at £19670 million (development and production: 2002/03 prices, including new accounting rules); assume that these costs are spread over 30 years (1985-2015: NAO, 2003) to give an annual average cost of £656 million; assume that annual salary costs are £50K; and the result is estimated employment of 13,120 personnel in the UK (this is an annual average which will be subject to peaks and troughs) . Applying the ratio of direct to indirect employment on all UK equipment projects (0.9 indirect per direct worker) gives an estimated annual UK employment on Typhoon of 24,928 (say, 25,000 direct and indirect: MoD/DASA, 2004, Table 1.9). Aggregating the UK estimates for all four partners, with a UK work share of 37.5% gives an estimate of some 66,500 personnel direct and indirect employed on Typhoon in the partner nations: this is considerably below the official Eurofighter estimate of 100,000....32. A 1992 IFO study estimated the impact of the Eurofighter programme on the German economy (EF 1992). It concluded that a government order for the German aerospace industry leads to twice more work in other industrial areas than the direct order (presumably including both indirect and induced employment); it results in a 1.56 added value for the overall economy; and it secures a flowback in taxes and other dues of 70%. The study compared the procurement of Eurofighter (at actual procurement cost without taxes and dues) with a foreign purchase and a licensed production option. The comparison was in terms of injections and withdrawals for the economy and it was concluded that:i) Eurofighter: procurement cost minus 60% return in taxes/dues leads to a net costs of 40%;ii) F-18 procurement (USA): return in taxes/dues is 14% giving a net procurement cost of 86% of the total;iii) F-18 purchased under licensed production: return of 35% in taxes/dues leads to a net procurement cost of 65% of the total....42. Given the criticisms of the Typhoon Programme in terms of cost increases and delays (with delays based on the original 1988 plans which were later affected by the end of the Cold War), it is interesting to compare this with the F/A-22. Typhoon development costs are estimated at Euros 18 billion or $20.3 billion; it experienced a net delay of 4.5 years with deliveries starting in June 2003; a programme cost increase of 13%; and unit production costs of £64.8 million or $ 105.8 million (2004/05 prices and exchange rates; based on UK data, including resource prices which might add 10% to the cash price: NAO, 2005).<a href="http://www.eurofighter.com/downloads/Typhoon_study_update.pdf">http://www.eurofighter.com/downloads/Typhoon_study_update.pdf</a></blockquote>

Verificación: Guerra desarrollada entre Argentina y el Reino Unido en 1982